Maintenance of body temperature – Thermoregulation. Animal and Plant Cells. Cells·. Cells are the smallest. All living things are. APPENDIX Trying to resolve an apparent confusion for a GCSE (or A Level) student! With increase in temperature, there is an increased frequency (or chance) of collision due to the more 'energetic' situation.Most human cells, like. Plant cells also have: o. What do. these structures do?·. Nucleus – controls the. Cytoplasm – where most. Cell membrane - . Mitochondria - where. Ribosomes - where. Chloroplasts - absorb. Permanent vacuole - . Other facts: ·. The chemical reactions. Examples. Enzymes for respiration are in the mitochondria. Enzymes for photosynthesis are in the chloroplasts. Enzymes for protein synthesis are on the ribosomes.·. Examples: Tissues. Advantages: Disadvantages: These are more efficient at removing stains from clothes. If the clothes are not fully rinsed, protease enzymes may remain in the clothes, which digests protein in the skin. Lower washing. Rates of Reaction. What are Energy Level Diagrams? The change in energy of a chemical reaction can be plotted against its progress as the reactants turn into products. The energy level diagram for an exothermic reaction is. The rate of reaction of Succinate dehydrogenase Introduction: Enzymes are protein molecules that function as biological catalysts that can help break larger molecules into smaller molecules while remaining unchanged themselves. Choose AQA for GCSE and A-level Biology. AQA A-level Biology has been designed to naturally progress from GCSE and take recognisable topics a stage further. Some, such as reflex actions and geotropisms, are studied in. White blood cells are cells adapted to combat against infectious disease and any other foreign. Gcsescience.com 12 gcsescience.com. Rates of Reaction. What is a Catalyst? How does a Catalyst Work? The Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide. Enzymes. Energy. Exothermic. A tissue is a group of. An organ is a group of. A system is a group of. Examples: Cell. Organ System. Nerve. Nervous. Spinal. Epithelium. Trachea. Breathing. Root. Epidermal. Lateral. Mesophyll. Leaf. Shoot. 1. 2. Movement into and out of. To get into or out of. Solutes = particles in. Solvent = liquid in. Solute and solvent. Solutes can move into. Diffusion·. Diffusion is the. Oxygen required for. The greater the. difference in concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion. Osmosis·. Water often moves. Osmosis is the. diffusion of water from a dilute to a more concentrated solution through a. Differences in the. If there is a higher. Osmosis in animal cells: If animal cells. If animal cells. are placed in a solution that has a lower solute concentration than the. This is why it. is vital that we maintain the concentration of our body fluids at an equal. Osmosis in plant cells: If plant cells. This will cause a plant to wilt. If plant cells. are placed in a solution that has a lower solute concentration than the. This is important in. Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis·. Photo = light·. Synthesis = making of. Photosynthesis =. Complex. definition: ·. A process in green. More detail: ·. Light energy is. Plants look green. The plant then uses. Light energy is used. Oxygen is released as. Word. chlorophyll. Carbon. Dioxide + Water Glucose +. Light. Chemical. equation (do not need to. CO2 + 6. H2. O. C6. H1. 2O6 + 6. O2. Where does. photosynthesis happen?·. Leaves are the main. Photosynthesis mainly. These cells contain. Chloroplasts contain. Two types of mesophyll. Palisade cells absorb. Spongy cells absorb. A palisade. mesophyll cell: Factors. Temperature. A low. Carbon dioxide. A shortage of. CO2 will limit the rate as fewer molecules will be available for the. Light intensity. A shortage of. Limiting. factors explained: ·. Increasing this. factor will increase the rate.·. Any further increase. With no limiting. All chlorophyll molecules are being used. Farming. practices·. Farmers artificially. They grow plants in. They can control the. They can artificially. They can control the. By doing all of this. Eg tomatoes can be grown all year round.·. Therefore, they. increase their profits. How do. plants use glucose?·. The glucose produced. Plant cells use some. Why do. plants need minerals?·. Plant roots absorb. For healthy growth. The symptoms shown by. Stunted growth. if nitrate ions are deficient. Energy flow in ecosystems. Food. Chains·. Radiation from the Sun. Green plants capture a. This energy is stored. Energy. transfer in food chains·. At each stage in a. The amounts of. material and energy contained in the biomass of organisms is reduced at each. Some materials and. Respiration supplies. Much of this energy is. These losses are. Pyramids. of numbers·. Diagrams that display. Each block is drawn to. Pyramids of biomass. Biomass =. mass of living material. All. pyramids of biomass are pyramid shaped. The mass. of living material (biomass) at each stage in a food chain is less than it. Improving. Energy Transfer in farming·. The efficiency of food. Less energy is lost. This requires more. This may be necessary. The efficiency of food. Limiting. their movement. Controlling the temperature of their surroundings.·. This occurs in battery. Animals’. movement is limited. They. suffer pain and discomfort. They do. not live in their natural environment. Recycling of waste. Recycling. in ecosystems·. Living things remove. These materials are. Materials decay. because they are broken down (digested) by microorganisms (decomposers). Microorganisms digest. Many microorganisms. The decay process. In a stable community. The materials are. Carbon. The carbon cycle is. Carbon dioxide is. The carbon from the. Some of the carbon. When green plants are. When animals respire. When plants and. animals die, some animals and microorganisms feed on their bodies. Carbon is released. By the time the. microorganisms and detritus feeders have broken down the waste products and dead. Enzymes. Enzymes. Enzymes are biological. Catalysts increase the. Enzymes are protein. These long chains are. This shape is vital. Normally only one type. The active site is the. Activation Energy·. In order for a. chemical reaction to take place, energy is required.·. This is called the. Enzymes reduce the. Effect. of temperature on enzymes·. Like most chemical. The enzyme and. substrates move around faster so they collide more often.·. The temperature when. This is true up to. C, higher than this and the structure of the enzyme changes.·. As a result, the. It is then described. The. effect of p. H on enzymes·. p. H can also affect the. It does this by. affecting the forces that hold the enzyme molecule together.·. A change in p. H can. Different enzymes work. H values.·. Eg. Stomach enzymes. Mouth enzymes work. Intracellular enzymes. Enzymes inside. living cells catalyse processes such as. Photosynthesis. Protein. Respiration·. Definition: The. Aerobic respiration - . Anaerobic respiration. Aerobic. respiration·. Glucose reacts with. Word. equation: Glucose. Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy. Chemical. equation (do not learn!): C6. H1. 2O6. + 6. O2 6. CO2 + 6. H2. O·. Respiration actually. Each reaction is. Mitochondria·. Most of the reactions. The inner surface of. Energy use. The energy that. To build up larger. In animals, to enable. In mammals and birds. In plants, to build up. Digestion·. Some enzymes work. These are called. The digestive enzymes. The enzymes then pass. They catalyse the. Digestion is the. Nutrition is the. The Human Digestive System. Digestion. in the mouth·. Food is chewed to. Saliva is released. Amylase digests starch. Further chewing. enables swallowing.·. The food enters the. Digestion. in the stomach·. Food enters the. stomach from the oesophagus.·. The walls of our. This juice contains: o. A protease enzyme –. This digests proteins. Hydrochloric acid –. It creates p. H3. Mucus – this protects. The wall of our. stomach is muscular, and churns our food.·. The food remains in. The proteins are digested.·. Food leaves our. stomach in small squirts into the small intestine. Digestion. and absorption in the small intestine. The small. intestine has 2 main jobs: ·. To complete the. digestion of the food·. To absorb the soluble. Digestion. in the small intestine. Bile. Produced by the liver.·. Stored in the gall. Released into the. Alkali to neutralise. Bile salts which. THERE ARE NO ENZYMES IN BILE! Pancreatic juice and 3. Both are released into. Both contain 3 main. Amylase to complete. Protease to complete. Lipase to break down. Making use of enzymes·. Some microorganisms. These enzymes have. Disadvantages. These. If the. clothes are not fully rinsed, protease enzymes may remain in the. Lower. washing temperatures can be used which saves energy. This. can lead to irritation, allergies and dermatitis.·. In industry: o. Proteases are used to. This reduces how much. Carbohydrases are used. This is cheaper than. Isomerase is used to. This is much sweeter§. It therefore can be. Disadvantages. Enzymes. Enzymes. are sensitive to temperature and p. H changes. Supplying heat is expensive. When enzymes are used, industrial. Temperature and p. H need to be carefully monitored and controlled, which. Homeostasis·. Controlling internal conditions.·. Waste products which. Carbon. dioxide produced by respiration - most of this leaves the body via the. Urea. produced in the liver by the breakdown of excess amino acids - this is. Internal conditions. The. water content of the body. The. ion content of the body. Temperature. Blood. Osmoregulation·. If the water or ion. Water and ions enter. Sweating helps to cool. More water is lost. The kidneys control. All enzymes work best. C·. The metabolism of. Metabolism is most. If internal temperature is maintained when the external temperature. Thermoregulatory centre·. Body temperature is. This centre has. receptors sensitive to the temperature of blood flowing through the brain.·. Also temperature. Skin. Skin. contains sweat glands. Skin has. network of capillaries just under the surface. If the core. body temperature is too high: ·. More blood flows. More heat is lost from. Sweat glands release. This cools the body as. If the core. body temperature is too low·. This reduces the flow. This reduces heat loss. Muscles may shiver. Their contraction. Regulation of blood glucose·. The blood glucose. The pancreas produces. Food eaten. Carbohydrates digested into glucose. Glucose. absorbed into blood. Blood. glucose levels rise. Detected. by the pancreas. Insulin. released into blood. Insulin. reaches the liver. Glucose. converted in glycogen. Glycogen. glucose levels return to normal·. This process ensures. The glycogen can be. Diabetes·. Diabetes is a disease. After a meal, blood. This can be fatal if. The. discovery of insulin ·. Banting and Best were. They removed parts of. They extracted insulin. They injected the. This controlled the. They then injected the. His blood sugar levels. Treating. diabetes·. Diabetes may be. treated by careful attention to diet and by injecting insulin into the blood.·. Insulin from pigs and. Insulin is now. produced using micro organisms that have been genetically engineered to contain. This modern insulin is. Pancreas transplants. However, there are not. In the future, stem. However, this requires. Inheritance. Genetic material·. In the nucleus of a. We inherit one set of. Chromosomes are made. DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid).·. DNA has 2 main roles: 1. It can replicate prior. Its code is used to. White Blood Cells - GCSE Wiki. A phagocyte engulfing bacteria (small oblong shapes)White blood cells are cells adapted to combat against infectious disease and any other foreign material that may enter the body. They are adapted to change shape, this allows them to wrap around microbes in the body and engulf them. Once microbes are engulfed they can be digested by the white blood cell and this helps the immune system defend the body from further attack. The ability of microbes to change shape also allows them to squeeze through capillary walls to reach microbes in tissues and organs. White blood cells come in different forms, the two most common being lymphocytes and phagocytes. Lymphocytes. Edit Lymphocytes produce antibodies that destroy any foreign cells and uncommon substances, they have large nuclei and a much smaller amount of cytoplasm compared to other cells. Phagocytes. Edit Phagocytes are different to lymphocytes in that they have a much smaller, multi- lobed nucleus and destroy bacteria by a process called phagocytosis, where the bacterium is swallowed by the cell whilst enzymes and antibodies are secreted to break down the bacterium. Further reading Edit.
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